Translation Methods in A Walk To Remember Novel Translated Into Kan Kukenang

This research is aimed to identify and describe the translation methods used in translating novel A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang Selalu Chapter I and Chapter II. The data were analyzed through a translation methodstated by Newmark (1988), they were Word for Word Translation, Literal Translation, Faithful Translation, Semantic Translation, Adaptation Translation, Free Translation, Idiomatic Translation, and Communicative Translation. Descriptive qualitative method was implemented in this research. The data were taken from each sentence written in English (as the Source Language/SL) into Indonesian (as the Target Language/TL). Finally, the writer found that: 1) all types of translation methods occurred in A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang SelaluChapter I and Chapter II; they are they were Word for Word Translation (8%), Literal Translation (14%), Faithful Translation (12%), Semantic Translation (20%), Adaptation Translation (10%), Free Translation (18%), Idiomatic Translation (10%), and Communicative Translation (8%). The most frequent types of translation method found in A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang SelaluChapter I and Chapter II were Semantic Translation (20%) and Free Translation (18%).

English is one of the language used in novel as one of literary works has different cultures which influence the language used.So, in translating novel, it is not only involves the source language and target language, but also involves the source culture and target culture.It means that translating a novel should possess some specific qualities, such as a fascination and feeling for language, a deep knowledge of the source language, its regional literature and culture and a more than average knowledge of the subject that the novel dicusses.This is in line with According to Wills in Choliludin (2007, p. 3), translation is a procedure which leads from a written source language text to an optimally equivalent target language text and requires the syntactic, semantic, and stylistic and text pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text.
Another thought by Larson (2003, p. 16) stated translation is basically a change of form.Trnalstaion the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor of the target language.Larson regarded if the translation process will be presented automatically if the translator revealing back the meaning that they have comprehended into the target language.It means that translation attempts to follow the form of Source Language and is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language.Such translation is called idiomatic translation.
PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama is in charge for the publication of A Walk to Remember in Indonesia.The Indonesian version of the novel was firstly published in April, 2012, with Kathleen S.W. as the translator.The title of Indonesian version of the novel maintains its original title, A Walk to Remember, without being translated.
However, the translator gives the addition of Kan Kukenang Selalu behind the title, making the novel has a longer title in its Indonesian version than in the original one.
How a translator changes source language into target language should consider the readers of the text being translated.It means that in translating, the translator should consider their attitude in translating the language to the target language in order to get what the target language meaning and the readers understand it well.As stated by Syafrizal (2018, 66) attitude involves the beliefs of the language learners about the knowledge that they receive and their understanding in the process of translating itself.This is in line with the argumentation of Yan and Huang (2014) who stated that "translation should vary for the sake of different readers".In order to make A Walk to Remember: Kan Kukenang Selalu easy to understand by Indonesian readers, Kathleen S.W. as the translator must have considered multiple equivalences to translate the English version of the novel into Indonesian language.Equivalence, according to Panou (2013, p. 2), is meant to indicate that source text and target text share similarities.This is in line with Sikora (2016, p. 38) Who stated that the final product of translation work is affected by the preparation of each stage in the translation process, including checking and reviewing.From this theory, the translator should consider grammatical equivalence between the source language and the target language, word and pragmatic equivalence they are found in translating a text, and also equivalence many aspects.
Thus, this research is aimed to identify and describe Literal Translation Method frequently used in translating novel A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang Selalu, since the translator tries to keep the meaning in the source language by converting the construction of the source language into intended construction of the target language.The translator tries to make it sound natural in the target language.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The word translation comes from Latin; trans, across, and datum, to carry.
From its terminology, translation can be concluded as the connection between two different languages where its activity is transferring message from one language (source language) to others (target language).
Translating simply the act of transferring the meaning of a text from one language into another or does is it depends on some theory of similarities and contrast between languages?In order to analyze and to direct such as activity, a number of specialists in translating have elaborated numerous theories: linguistic, sociolinguistic, communicative, free, literal, hermeneutic, semiotic, relevant, Marxist, transformational, and even gender-to mention only a few.Leonardi (2008, p. 84) suggests that translators could either have censorship imposed on them (external pressures) or choose to censor their own work (internal pressures).She further divides censorship into three categories, i.e. preventive censorship, practiced by the spiritual or secular authority by reviewing material before publication or dissemination in order to prevent, alter, or delay its appearance; repressive censorship, also done by spiritual or secular authority but after the printing or publishing of specific material considered subversive or damaging to the common good, in order to repress or ban it from circulating around the country, and self-censorship, which is the form of control imposed upon self out of the fear to annoy or offend others without being officially pressured by any authority.She also claims that translation may be subjected to several conscious acts of selection, addition and/or omission, and that text manipulation is often shaped by the readers" taste and social position.
In other words, translations are not really censored because of the pressure of the authority, but they are censored in order to make them more easily accessible to and accepted by the target readers.She also believes that "censorship could be positive in that it protects people from being exposed to any material which is deemed to be somehow immoral, offensive, heretical or blasphemous", although she also adds that too much of it may not allow for freedom of expression.
Based on the definitions of translation from the experts above, it can be concluded that translation is an activity of transfering the textual material, thought, message or ideas from one language as a source into another language where the target language is the closest natural equivalent of the source language.In this case, translating a novel as a literary translation is an art involving the transposing and interpreting of creative works.It should require the ability to read between lines, intimate with the writer and nuances of language, thought, and message.
In novel translation, there are many researches focus on grammatical equivalence.But, the purposes of this study may differ from other studies.For example, Eti purwitasari ( 2009) has tried to find various types of deixis in the sentence of target language which was translated into equivalent concepts in the target language to give accurate of meaning.she has written the related research entitled "Deixis in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Princeby J. K. Rowling and Its Translationinto Indonesian'. Rosyid (2011)  It can be conlcude that in translating a novel, in order to get the result of translation that looks natural, the translators have to use translationmethods in two perspectives.The first perspective emphasis on source language (SL) and the other on the target language (TL).Source language emphasis means that when the translator translate the text she or he follow what is common in the source language, such as the structure, the lexis, and the culture of the source language, whereas target language emphasis means the translator follows the target language such as the structure, the lexis, and the culture to make the readers comprehend the translation text more.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research design of this research paper is the library research.It is done by consulting some books and dictionaries in order to collect the theories and references.In conducting the analysis to know the translation methods in a walk to remember novel translated into kan kukenang selalu, theresearcheruse a particular method of qualitative research for gathering and analyzing the content of the text because the process of placing words, message or symbols in a text to communicate to a reader or receiver occurs without influence from the researcher who analyzes its content.The data were taken from the primary source (novel).
The novel was chosen in two versions, English version and its Indonesian translation.

Word for Word Translation Method
Word for Word Translation is the source language is translated word by word.This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words.The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context (Newmark: 1988, p. 45).
There are 4 dataor 8% from total data whichtranslated by using word for word translation method, the data is explained as follows: Chapter Source Language Target Language Analyses 1 Oak trees Pohon-pohon oak Oak is a tree in the genus quercus of the beech family.It just can be found from cool temperate to tropical.It can"t be found in Indonesia.
So, the word Oak stand on its original word 1 especially when he talked about ... terutama saat ia berbicara tentang ... The utterance in the source language is translated using word for word translation method.It generally implies that the translator is given greater latitude of epression when translating from an original source language to target language.The words in the source language have the same construction in target language.

Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
From 7 data or about 14% of total data, some of them which are translated using literal translation methodcan be illustrated as follows:

Chapter
Source Language Target Language Analyses 2 Hegbert is a fornicator!

Hegbert tukang zina!
The translator did not translate the words isand asingly but rather converted the word order in the source language the one which is acceptable in the target language construction.She left the words is and a untranslated to comply with the intended construction in the target language.That would make the utterance sound natural in the target language.2 "He's my father," I said proudly.
If the translator uses word-forword translation on the utterance "He's my father," I said proudly.in the source language considered it would be "Dia adalah ayahku," aku berkata dengan bangga.in the target language.But, the translator did not translate the words is and ly singly, she rather converted the word order in the source language to the one which is acceptable in the target language construction.She left the word is and ly unstranslated to comply with the intended construction in target language.

Faithful Translation
A faithful Translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.It "transfers" cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical "abnormality" (deviation from SL norms) in the translation.It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.There were 6 data found, or about 12% from total data in faithful translation method.Some of them are illustrated as follows:

Chapter
Source Language Target Language Analyses 1 me and mom Aku dan mom The translator keeps to be faithful by using clause aku dan mom in the target language.She did not change the meaning in the target language.Itwould make the translation included into faithful translation method.2 You"ll be graduating in June Kamu akan lulus di Juni Literally the words You'll be graduating in June means Kamu akan lulus di Junibut the translator keeps tobe faith by using Kamu akan lulus di Juni in the target language.The translator did not change the meaning in the target language.

Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from "faithful translation" only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.10 data were found, or about 20% from total data in semantic translation method.Some of them are illustrated as follows:

Chapter
Source Language

Adaptation Translation
This is the "freest" form of translation.It is used mainly for plays (comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten.The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have "rescued" period plays.5 data were found, or about 10% from total data in adaptation translation method.Some of them are illustrated as follows:

Chapter
Source Language

Free Translation Method
Free translation is reproducing the matter or the context without the form of the original.Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original.Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so called intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, 1 Come up Menemukan The word come and up aren"t translated as datang and naik.It means the result of translation is not like a result of original translation.The translator did not translate it by its separate words in the source language.she translated it directly like its meaning in the source language.It makes the translation result

Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.4 data were found, or about 8% from total data in communicative translation method.Some of them are illustrated as follows:

Chapter
Source Language The translator of the novel translated the word Though, laterby Akan kita bicarakan nanti, because she used communicativetranslation, she wants the readers understand well when they read the novel.in the target text, there is an additional clause as an explanation.The translator used this technique because there is no word or phrase in target language that can render the meaning of word or phrase ofthe source text simply and equivalently.
By seeing a very low number of voices changing in the data, it can be concluded that in terms of voice system, the translator prefers to maintain the original voice form of the sentences without making any significant changing.
A translation is included into idiomatic translation method if its translation sounds originally like written in the source language (SL).It means the result of translation is not like the result of translation.The result of the translation should sound natural like how the speaker of the target language said it.The translator uses Idiomatic Translation Method by translating Break a leg? into Semoga sukses.
The translator did not translate it by its separate words in the source language.The translator translated it directly like its meaning in the source language.It makes the translation result seems like written by the real speaker, and it is not like a translation sentence.
The word Break a leg? in source language is translated into Semoga sukses in target language because in the previous sentence is storied that in the night of drama, Landon wishing Jamie luck before the drama.It is also explained in the novel that saying good luck before the drama to the actor or actress who plays in the drama is supposed to be bad luck.
The utterance contains an idiom since the speaker did not refer directly to the purpose.Actually Landon wants to give a spirit for Jamie before she performs the drama.Rather than saying Good luck as the spirit utterances, he uses breaks a leg which means semoga sukses and it represents what the speaker wants.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
After describing definition of translation, translation method stated by Newmark (1988)  Semantic TranslationMethod is more frequently used because the translator translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.
tried to find out the equivalence in Translation by Translating the literary work by using the translator to get the translation appropriate with aesthetic and expressive value in novel with the title "The Analysis of the English-Indonesian Translation Method in a Novel "a Study in Scarlet Sherlock Holmes" By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle".Putri (2015) has tried To find out the types of translation techniques used in the novel Cocktails for Three into Klub Koktail, and to describe the occurrence loss and gain of information in the translation of English expressions and the reason why they happen with the title "Analysis of Translation Techniques in TranslatingEnglish Expressions in cocktails for three into Indonesian Klub Koktail.From the three researchers above, it can be seen that it has different object with research conducted by the researcher.Therefore, the researcher is going to analyze the method used by the Translator of "A Walk to Remember -Kan Kukenang Selalu" and to continue the previous research on English-Indonesia Translation Strategies.Unlike the three studies, this research focuses to identify and describe about the translation methods in translating novel "A Walk to Remember -Kan Kukenang Selalu" by Kathleen S.W. with theory of Newmark to translate English literary works into Indonesia.Furthermore, There are 8 types of Translation Method which are adapted fromNewmark (1988, p. 45).They are Word for WordTranslation, Free Translation, Literal Translation, Faithful Translation, Semantic   Translation, Communicative Translation, Idiomatic Translation, and Adaptive   Translation.
Source Language (SL) and Indonesian version novel is as Target Language (TL).The data would be taken directly from a novel entitled A Walk to Remember in English written by Nicholas Sparks in 1999, by Warner Books available on PDF, containing 393 pages; and its translation into Indonesian version Kan Kukenang Selalu by Kathleen SW in 2003, published by PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama containing 256 pages.The descriptive qualitative method was used to classify and describe the processes of analyzing data based on the theory by Newmark (1988).The researcher collected, analyzed, and compared the Literal Translation Methods, which are shown in A Walk to Remembe into Kan Kukenang SelaluChapter I and Chapter II to keep the meaning in the source language by converting the construction of the source language into intended construction of the target language.Then, the researcher describes the Translation Method used by the translator and gives its analysis of each sample.FINDING AND DISCUSSIONFINDINGSAfter reading A Walk to Remember novel translated into Kan Kukenang Selalu, the writer listed down some source languages (SL) and Targer Languages (TL) whereas from English into Indonesia.After that, the data were analyzed into direct translation which covers Word for WordTranslation, Literal Translation, Faithful   Translation, Semantic Translation, Adaptation Translation, Free Translation,   Idiomatic Translation, and  Communicative Translation.The analyses can be seen as follows: analyzing English novel entitled A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang SelaluChapter I and Chapter II, it can be concluded that all translation method are found, they are Word for Word Translation, Literal Translation, Faithful Translation, Semantic Translation, Adaptation Translation, Free Translation, Idiomatic Translation, and Communicative Translation.The researcher foundWord for Word Translation (8%), Literal Translation (14%), Faithful Translation (12%), Semantic Translation (20%), Adaptation Translation (10%), Free Translation (18%), Idiomatic Translation (10%), and Communicative Translation (8%).The most frequent types of translation method found in A Walk to Remember into Kan Kukenang SelaluChapter I and Chapter II were Semantic Translation (20%) and Free Translation (18%).

Table 1 .
Translation Types

Table 2 .
Translation Methods in A Walk to Remember Novel Translated intoKan Kukenang Selalu Communicative Translation, Idiomatic Translation, and Adaptive Translation.Below are the examples of Translation Methods: