Translation of Indonesian Cultural Terms in Rainbow Troops Novel: Investigating Translation Procedures

This study is to identify the Indonesian Cultural Terms (ICTs) in Rainbow Troops as the English translated novel by Angie Kilbane from Laskar Pelangi original Indonesian novel by Andrea Hirata and to analyze the translation procedures of ICTs. A qualitative approach is applied in this research by using the content analysis. The result shows that there are five categories of cultural terms such as ecology; material culture; social culture; organizations/customs/ideas/activities/procedures/ concepts, and; gestures and habits. Thev highest percentage of ICT’s is 28.13% which is categorized into organizations, customs, ideas, activities, procedures, concepts. It is a novel with an educational background because it illustrates a lot of activities of teachers and students at school. The translation procedure mostly uses borrowing with 54.17% which proves some vocabulary deficiencies in translated novel since the translator could not find the equivalent cultural terms from the original novel.


Introduction
Translation can be interpreted as a transfer of meaning. In their book, Hatim & Mason (1997) stated that Audience Design is an act of estimating who is our potential reader of the translation. Different prospective readers will differ how to translate it. So before translating, translators must determine who the intended target reader of the text is. Thus, the translator can decide to be oriented to the SL or TL.
Translation is basically an act of meaning, so the TL can understand the meaning of SL.
In the translation process, translators must be able to deal with cultural differences between the SL and the TL. Cultural reasonable. It can be said that "right-wrong" results are determined by the "for whom" and "for what purposes" the translation is made. 23| JELTS Vol. 4 No. 1, 2021 Venuti (2000) said that language is a part of thought which is the place of various determinations, so that the foreign language text looks like it has a domestic meaning.
However, this cultural difference between SL and TL often becomes a problem for translators when translating literary works. That's because every language has special characteristics in terms of its own culture. Newmark in Hatim & Munday (2004) stated the problem of translating cultural terms is due to the cultural gap between SL and the TL. Baihaqi (2017) issued the situation as cultural asymmetry.
The cultural differences can also occur in various aspects, for example, customs, ST: Semua makanan disajikan di dalam wadah takir daun pisang. TT: All food is served in a banana-leaf container.
Transposition is a translation process where parts of a speech change their order when translated. This is a word class shift.
Each language has a grammatical structure that often differs from one another. The following is the example of transposition.
Modulation is translation procedure that"s applied by changing the point of view, focus or cognitive categories in relation to SL. The change in perspective can be lexical or structural. The following is the example of modulation.

ST: Setiap gerak-gerik Kerajaan Mangkunegaran dan Kasunanan
TT: Every gesture of the prince; and, for that matter, of the sultan of Solo.
Equivalence is a case where languages are similar in meaning, style and structure.
The example of equivalence as follows.
ST: Bahkan juga letak serbet dan kobokan, serta letak gelas dalam lapisan pembungkus perak tidak ada cacatnya. TT: From everything I had read, even the position of the napkins and the finger bowl and the position of the glasses in their silver cases could not be faulted.
Adaptation is a procedure by changing cultural reference in SL with cultural reference that is similar and present in TL.
This is because the cultural references in SL are not found in TL. The following is the example of adaptation.
ST: Malah duduk di pendopo aku tak diperkenankan. TT: I wasn"t even allowed to sit on the porch.

The Cultural Terms in Translation
In referring to terms of culture, many experts have their own terms. Baker (1992) stated that the SL may express completely unfamiliar concepts in the TL. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete. This may be related to religious beliefs, social custom, or even types of food. Such a concept is often referred to as special culture.
Therefore, Baker called it as a culturespecific concept.
According to Newmark (1988), cultural terms referred to as 'culture of words', are easily detected because they are associated with certain languages and cannot be translated literally. However, many cultural terms are translated with literal translation which will make a distortion with the real meaning. He explains clearly that the word "culture" is a word in a particular language that carries the same or different cultural values from one language to another.
When the word culture is translated, it is possible that cultural values will change.

Indonesian Cultural Terms
The process of identification of cultural terms is based on the five categories which are proposed by Newmark (1988).The The researcher provides an example for each category of cultural terms that have been found in the novel Laskar Pelangi as follows; The first is ecology. In this research, the researcher identifies 24 ecological terms.

P238. L10)
Gayam is a tree whose leaves are thick and can be used as a wrapper. Therefore gayam is categorized into ecological term of flora.  Yuka is a term used to describe a laborer who has the lowest job. Therefore, yuka is categorized into social culture term of work.

SD MD Sekolah Dasar
Muhammadiyah is one of the primary schools in Belitong. This school is the place where Laskar Pelangi appears. Therefore, SD MD

Sekolah Dasar
Muhammadiyah is categorized into organization term.  In the novel Laskar Pelangi, the author is always able to describe the setting of a place that feels very real by giving details of ecological cultural terms such as the surrounding animals and plants. This is why, researcher also found many ecological categories in cultural terms in the novel.

Translation Procedures
The