The Effect of Zeolite Catalysis Size on Biodiesel Characteristics of Bio-Oil from Tuna Waste

Indonesia is a country with the third largest tuna production in the world. Fish oil as a fishery product processing waste is a potential material for making biodiesel because it has a high fat content. In this research, biodiesel was made from bio-oil from tuna waste through esterification and transesterification processes at 60°C, stirring speed 360 rpm with a reaction time of 2 hours. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) contained in bio-oil from tuna waste and to determine the effect of the size of the natural zeolite catalyst in the transesterification process on the characteristics of the biodiesel produced. The variables used were the size of the zeolite catalyst 10 - 20, 30 - 40, 50 - 60, 70 - 80, 100 - 120 mesh. From the research results, it can be concluded that the smaller the zeolite catalyst size, the resulting biodiesel is closer to the biodiesel standard and the size of 100-120 mesh which is very close to the SNI 7182: 2015 biodiesel standard with a density value of 849.6 kg/m 3 , kinematic viscosity 3,413 cSt, moisture content. 0%, acid number 1.10 mg.KOH /gr, flash point 75 ° C, calorific value 8.240 Cal/gr.


INTRODUCTION
The growing need for oil is a challenge that needs to be anticipated by finding alternative sources of energy.
Petroleum is a non-renewable energy source, it takes millions or even hundreds of millions of years to convert petroleum raw materials into petroleum, an increase in the amount of Previous research [5] where the results of research on making biodiesel using   x 100 % = 4,3 ml .0,1 N .282 2,5 gr x 10 x 100 % = 4,85 % The level of free fatty acids (FFA) contained in the tuna waste bio-oil after the esterification process is equal to 4,85 %.Based on the graph in Figure 4, it can be seen that the smaller the size of the zeolite catalyst, the density value obtained increases, but it does not meet the requirements of SNI 7182: 2015 [11] biodiesel because the triglycerides that have not been completely converted into methyl esters can be caused by poor biodiesel manufacturing processes.The resulting biodiesel density value is relatively low because the ratio of methanol to bio-oil is more methanol (6:

Analysis of Biodiesel Yield Characteristics
1) so that the density is lower and is closer to the methanol density of 0.7918 kg/m 3 .

Viscosity Analysis
The tool used is the SYD-261 PMCC Flash Point Tester.Where the principle of analysis is a number of samples heated with a certain heating while stirring in a closed cup.

Water Content Analysis
Based on the graph above, it can be seen that the use of zeolite catalysts greatly affects the desired product yield target, one of which is the moisture content value which does not exist at all in the biodiesel yield.Due to the nature of activated zeolite, it is dehydrated when heated, which results in the zeolite's pores having no water content and is reversible or can re-tie water in the pores during the transesterification process.
In addition, the moisture content of    This is because the conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters is not perfect and the purity of the biodiesel produced is not good.The flash point value tends to be low, this can be because the ratio of methanol to bio-oil is too large for methanol (6: 1) which results in a lower flash point for biodiesel yields, because the flash point for methanol is low around 11-15.6 °C.

Caloric Value Analysis
Based on the graph in Figure 9, it can be seen that the effect of the smaller zeolite catalyst size on the heating value of biodiesel forms a fluctuating pattern but tends to increase.
equipment and propulsion of power generators use this fuel.Indonesia is the world's third largest producer of tuna fisheries, with a contribution of 16 percent of the world's tuna fishery products [1].Based on statistical data from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in 2011, in Indonesia there are around 114 fish canning companies.Total National Fishery Production is 23.26 million tons, of which captured fisheries are 6.04 million tons, aquaculture is 17.22 million tons.One type of fish that is widely produced is Tuna, in 2016 the production of tuna in Indonesia was 1,129,375 tons [2].Fish oil as one of fishery product processing wastes is a potential material for making biodiesel (environmentally friendly fuel) because it has a high fat content.The advantage of fish oil when used as a raw material for biodiesel is that apart from having a higher variation of fatty acids compared to other oils or fats, it also has a higher amount of fatty acids.Fish oil carbon chain length reaches 22 and contains more types of unsaturated fatty acids.In principle, there are 3 types of fatty acids derived from fish, namely saturated, monounsaturated and plural unsaturated.Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond and polyunsaturated fatty acids contain many (up to 6) double bonds per molecule [1].Tuna is one of the most economically valuable fish in the world and also an important predatory species in marine ecosystems.The tuna industry provides thousands of jobs in the fishing, processing and trade sectors worldwide, including in many coastal developing countries, and generates significant income.In 2016, Indonesia was ranked first in the world in tuna production, namely 1,129,375 tonnes [2].The abundant fish waste, which is around 20-30% can be used again, because it still has a high enough oil content, fish waste contains a lot of very long chain fatty acids with more than 20 carbon atoms, most of which have 5-6 double bonds [4].

Figure
Figure 3. Research procedure

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The Effect of Catalyst Mesh Size (x) on the Viscosity Value of Biodiesel (y) biodiesel is more influenced by the moisture content in the raw material and the process of removing water content during the biodiesel refining process.Based on the measurement of moisture content, all samples have met the SNI 7182: 2015 biodiesel standard.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of catalyst mesh size (x) on moisture content of biodiesel (y)

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Effect of catalyst mesh size (x) on acid number of biodiesel (y) Flash Point Analysis Based on the graph in Figure 4.8, it can be seen that the effect of the smaller zeolite catalyst size on the flash point value forms an upward pattern but is not significant and the flash point value produced by the biodiesel does not meet the SNI 7182: 2015 biodiesel standard.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Effect of Catalyst Mesh Size (x) on Biodiesel Flash Point (y)

Figure 9
Figure 9The Effect of Catalyst Mesh Size (x) on the Calorific Value of Biodiesel (y)