Synthesis of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil Using Composite Photocatalyst from Milkfish Bones And TiO2

Muhammad Triyogo Adiwibowo, Wardalia Wardalia, Indar Kustiningsih, Indar Kustiningsih, Radhini Salma Daimah, Adhitiya Aprianto Nugroho, Shiva Maemunah, Rizqi Alawiyah

Abstract


The increasing number of vehicles in Indonesia has increased air pollution and fuel consumption. The fuels commonly used come from fossil, the availability of which is limited. One solution that can be applied is switching to alternative energy, such as biodiesel from vegetable oils, including used cooking oil. This study investigates the effect of reactant ratio, catalyst weight, UV exposure, and catalyst reusability on biodiesel yield and characteristics (density and viscosity) according to Indonesian national standards (SNI). The method used involves the impregnation of CaO catalysts with TiO2 photocatalysts and simultaneous transesterification-esterification reaction for biodiesel production, with oil to methanol molar ratios of 1:6, 1:9, and 1:12 and catalyst weights of 3, 5, and 7%. The results showed that the best product had a yield of 90.6%, a density of 882 kg/m³, and a viscosity of 2.45 mm2/s at a reactant ratio of 1:9 and a catalyst weight of 5%, with UV exposure for 4 hours at a temperature of 65°C. XRD and EDS analysis revealed the presence of CaO-TiO2 compounds in the synthesized photocatalyst, and the GCMS analysis shows that FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) content in the biodiesel is more than 96%.

Keywords


Biodiesel; Photocatalyst; Used Cooking Oil; TiO2; Milkfish Bone

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdullah, S.H.Y.S. et al. (2017) ‘A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, pp. 1040–1051.

Adiwibowo, M.T. et al. (2022) ‘Degradation of methyl ester sulfonate using TiO2 photocatalyst’, Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 18(2), pp. 119–123.

Adiwibowo, M.T. et al. (2023) ‘The Effect Of UV Light On The Yield And Characteristics Of Biodiesel From Candlenut Oil Using A TiO2-K2O/Natural Zeolite Composite’, Jurnal Integrasi Proses, 12(1), pp. 33–37.

Adiwibowo, M.T., Ibadurrohman, M. and Slamet (2018) ‘Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and their nanofluid stability in the presence of a Palm Oil-Based Primary Alkyl Sulphate surfactant for detergent application’, International Journal of Technology, 9(2), pp. 307–316.

Alsaiari, R.A. et al. (2023) ‘Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil’, Open Chemistry, 21(1), p. 20230135.

Ayodeji, A.A. et al. (2018) ‘Production of biodiesel from soybean oil using calcium oxide and cow bone as catalysts’, Materials Focus, 7(4), pp. 542–548.

Azman, N.S. et al. (2021) ‘Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via deoxygenation using Ni-Mo/Ac catalyst’, Processes, 9(5), p. 750.

Dai, Y.-M. et al. (2016) ‘Solid-base catalysts for biodiesel production by using silica in agricultural wastes and lithium carbonate’, Advanced Powder Technology, 27(6), pp. 2432–2438.

Guo, M. et al. (2021) ‘Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by esterification of free fatty acids using La3+/ZnO-TiO2 photocatalyst’, Energy Conversion and Management, 229, p. 113745.

Hamid, A. et al. (2023) ‘Transesterification of waste cooking oil using CaO catalyst derived from madura limestone for biodiesel production and its application in diesel engine’, Automotive Experiences, 6(1), pp. 80–93.

Jan, H.A. et al. (2022) ‘Synthesis of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. oil using TiO2 nanoparticles as a catalyst’, Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(8), p. 102317.

Kalos, P.S. et al. (2024) ‘Synthesis of biodiesel from the composite oil and process parameters optimization using artificial neural network’, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, p. 09544089241239508.

Khatibi, M., Khorasheh, F. and Larimi, A. (2021) ‘Biodiesel production via transesterification of canola oil in the presence of Na–K doped CaO derived from calcined eggshell’, Renewable Energy, 163, pp. 1626–1636.

Lukić, I. et al. (2018) ‘Synthesis of calcium oxide based catalysts for biodiesel production’, in Physical Chemistry 2018: proceedings. Vol. 1/14th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Physical Chemistry, September 24-28, 2018. Belgrade: Society of Physical Chemists of Serbia, pp. 193–196.

Mohamad, M. et al. (2017) ‘Prediction of biodiesel yield during transesterification process using response surface methodology’, Fuel, 190, pp. 104–112.

Ni, Z. et al. (2019) ‘Catalytic esterification, kinetics, and cold flow properties of isobutyl palmitate’, Fuel, 254, p. 115368.

Setiawan, V.N. (2024) Duh! Ternyata Cadangan Minyak RI Cuma Bertahan Sampai Tahun Segini, CNBC Indonesia. Available at: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240607075917-4-544620/duh-ternyata-cadangan-minyak-ri-cuma-bertahan-sampai-tahun-segini (Accessed: 4 September 2024).

Sheet, E.A.E. (2018) ‘Effect of preheating waste cooking oil on biodiesel production and properties’, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 40(2), pp. 207–213.

Sisca, V. et al. (2021) ‘Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO2 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel’, Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 21(4), pp. 979–989.

Sudsakorn, K. et al. (2017) ‘Biodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas oil using strontium-doped CaO/MgO catalyst’, Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 5(3), pp. 2845–2852.

Talha, N.S. and Sulaiman, S. (2016) ‘Overview of catalysts in biodiesel production’, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(1), pp. 439–442.

Tan, Y.H. et al. (2019) ‘Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using green solid catalyst derived from calcined fusion waste chicken and fish bones’, Renewable energy, 139, pp. 696–706.

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, R. of I. (2020) Potential Energy Business from Used Cooking Oil. Available at: https://www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/potential-energy-business-from-used-cooking-oil (Accessed: 4 September 2024).

Wang, Y.G., Nie, X.A. and Liu, Z.X. (2014) ‘Biodiesel synthesis from styrax tonkinensis catalyzed by S2O82-/ZrO2-TiO2-Fe3O4’, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 521, pp. 621–625.

Zhu, S. et al. (2021) ‘Long‐term consumption of recycled cooking oil induces cell death and tissue damage’, The FASEB Journal, 35(2), p. e21203.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30870/educhemia.v10i1.29402

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Triyogo Adiwibowo

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

link alternatif jmtoto

JMTOTO

https://totoberkah.or.id/

EduChemia Indexed by:

   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 More Indecxing...                                                         

Creative Commons License

EduChemia: Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

________________________________________________________

EduChemia: Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan ISSN 2502-4779 (print) | ISSN 2502-4787 (online)
Published by Department of Chemistry Education - Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
Address : Jl. Ciwaru Raya No. 25, Sempu, Kota Serang, Banten 42117, Indonesia
Email  : [email protected]