RPJPN 2025-2045: Women as Subject or Object of Development ?

Dwi Rahayu Nurmiati

Abstract


Gender equality is prominently featured in Indonesia’s National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) 2025–2045 as part of its commitment to inclusive development. However, the integration of gender perspectives across development sectors remains largely normative, lacking a clear framework for empowering women as active agents rather than passive recipients. The gap between rhetoric and practice raises concerns about whether national development planning can effectively contribute to structural gender transformation. To explore this issue, a qualitative literature review was conducted, drawing on academic publications, policy documents, and institutional reports from 2015 to 2025. Longwe’s Gender Analysis Framework consisting of five levels: welfare, access, conscientization, participation, and control was employed to assess how the RPJPN addresses various dimensions of women’s empowerment. The analysis reveals that while the RPJPN expands women’s access to education, health, and economic programs, it falls short in promoting critical awareness, institutional participation, and control over resources and decision making. Structural barriers, including patriarchal norms, limited ownership rights, and lack of gender-responsive governance, remain largely unchallenged. The findings indicate that the RPJPN offers inclusion without empowerment. Without embedding mechanisms for redistributing power and transforming institutional cultures, gender mainstreaming efforts risk remaining symbolic, failing to achieve the transformative change necessary for long-term gender equality.

Keywords


Gender; Development; RPJPN 2025-2045; Longwe Gender Analysis; Inclusive Policy

Full Text:

PDF 83-98

References


Abdalla, S., Ramadan, E., & Al Mamari, W. (2024). Enhancing gender-responsive resilience: The critical role of women in disaster risk reduction in Oman. Progress in Disaster Science, 24(October). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100376

Abdussamad, D. H. Z. (2021). Kebijakan Publik Berbasis Kearifan Lokal.

Amarudin, A. A., & Khorib, A. (2022). Implementation of the Non-Cash Food Assistance Program (PBPNT) George R. Terry’s Management Function Perspective during the Pandemic Period in Tambakrejo Village, Jombang. INCOME: Innovation of Economics and Management, 2(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.32764/income.v2i1.2618

Amoah, J. O., & Mensah, J. (2023). Gender and public works intervention in rural Ghana: An empowerment framework perspective. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 5, 100176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2023.100176

Awalia, H., Hamdi, S., & Nasrullah, A. (2023). SOSIOLOGI: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya PERANGKAP KEMISKINAN PADA PEREMPUAN PESISIR PANTAI CEMARA KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT. JurnalIlmiah Kajian Ilmu Sosial Dan Budaya, 25(2), 128–151.

Baidya, P. (2025). Reshaping environmental governance through women forest protectors in West Bengal. Human Organization, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00187259.2025.2505865

Bayisenge, J., Höjer, S., & Espling, M. (2015). Women’s land rights in the context of the land tenure reform in Rwanda – the experiences of policy implementers. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.985496

Beni, S. (2021). Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Perbatasan Jagoi Babang Kalimantan Barat Melalui Pemberdayaan. Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan, 9(02), 125. https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v9i02.232

Boahemaa, P. N. A. (2022). Women Participation in Political Leadership and Decision Making: the Role of National Gender Policies in Ghana and Rwanda. May.

Bourke Martignoni, J. (2021). A feminist methodology for implementing the right to food in agrarian communities: reflections from Cambodia and Ghana. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(7), 1459–1484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1928642

Dirkareshza, R. (2022). Synchronising the Implementation of Simultaneous General Elections with the National Development Planning. 1–18.

Drolet, J., Dominelli, L., Alston, M., Ersing, R., Mathbor, G., & Wu, H. (2015). Women rebuilding lives post-disaster: Innovative community practices for building resilience and promoting sustainable development. Gender and Development, 23(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1096040

Dunggio, S., Abdussamad, J., Prihatini, F., Tui, D., & Abdussamad, S. (2024). Keterlibatan Perempuan dalam Pengembangan UMKM Kue Sukade di Desa Tunggulo Selatan : Peluang dan Tantangan. 2(1), 32–41.

Dusche, M. (2012). Development as Freedom. Identity Politics in India and Europe, 9(3), 119–120. https://doi.org/10.4135/9788132108009.n31

García-Reyes, P., & Wiig, H. (2020). Reasons of gender. Gender, household composition and land restitution process in Colombia. Journal of Rural Studies, 75, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.01.006

Getachew, S., Debelew, G. T., & Abdullahi, M. (2022). Gender-Based Violence and Associated Factors Among Women with Disabilities in Jimma Town, Ethiopia. International Journal of Women’s Health, 14(October), 1531–1545. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S380233

Glasserman Apicella, C. (2025). Women legislators’ strategies to “hack” the gender gap in decision-making: the case of the parliamentary secretary of the Argentine Congress. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1332/25151088Y2025D000000094

Hayya, A. K., & Darmawan, A. (2025). Pengaruh Ketimpangan Gender Dalam Bidang Ekonomi Pembangunan Di Indonesia : Kajian Teoritis Dan Empiris. 5, 5934–5944.

Izzaty Shahirah Nor Sham, N., Salleh, R., & Syahirah Syed Sheikh, S. (2021). Women Empowerment and Work-Life Balance of Women Engineers in the Malaysian Energy Sector: A Conceptual Framework. SHS Web of Conferences, 124, 08009. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112408009

Jaquette, J. S. (2017). Women/Gender and Development: the Growing Gap Between Theory and Practice. Studies in Comparative International Development, 52(2), 242–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9248-8

Jumiati, E., & Chadijah, S. (2024). Women’S Empowerment, Social Inclusion, and Attitude Change Through a Study of Sekoper Cinta Model in Cibogo Hilir Village …. Community …, 5(1), 1568–1576.

Kabeer, N. (2021). Gender Equality, Inclusive Growth, and Labour Markets. In Women’s Economic Empowerment (pp. 13–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-3

Kan, L. (2024). The Role of Women and Macroeconomic Factors in Sustainable Development. February, 38–47.

Lane, L., & Jordansson, B. (2020). How Gender Equal Is Sweden? An Analysis of the Shift in Focus under Neoliberalism. Social Change, 50(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901067

Laro, A. L. (2024). Teach for Gender Equality Project: An Input to Gender Responsive Curriculum in the Philippine Basic Education System. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VIII(IIIS), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.803017S

Lee, J. M., Yoo, S. S., & Hong, M. S. (2019). WID, GAD or somewhere else? A critical analysis of gender in Korea’s international education and development. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 18(1), 94–123. https://doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2019.18.1.094

Lubis, R., & Triadi, I. (2024). Menganalisis Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Perspektif Konstitusi (Studi Tentang Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia). Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice, 1(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v1i4.2687

Moreno, F. (2023). Gender-responsive budgeting in the Philippines: Comparative review of best practices and challenges. SSRN Electronic Journal, 117899. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4506528

Mudjib Mustain, M., Purnomo, H., & Junaedi, J. (2022). Keefektifan Program Keluarga Harapan Dalam Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Penerirma Manfaat. Journal of Public Power, 6(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.32492/jpp.v6i1.6103

Ndhlovu, E., & Majova, B. N. (2023). Women Empowerment in the South African Agribusiness: Opportunities and Constraints in the Gauteng Province (pp. 273–293). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31431-5_15

Nurcahaya, N., & Akbarizan, A. (2023). Perempuan dalam Perdebatan: Memahami Peran dan Tantangan Berpolitik dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. JAWI: Journal of Ahkam Wa Iqtishad, 1(3), 108–116.

Nurhaeni, I. D. A., & Putri, I. S. (2025). Gender Mainstreaming in Indonesia: The Strategies and Challenges in Realizing Gender Equity and Equality (pp. 260–270). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-350-4_26

Nweje, U., Amaka, N. S., & Makai, C. C. (2025). Women in STEM : Breaking barriers and building the future.

Pellu, A. (2024). Peningkatan Akses Keuangan: Mendorong Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Inklusif. Currency: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 2(2), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.32806/ffyp8n53

Pratama, T. Y. (2025). Review Uniska Uniska. 5(1), 63–98.

Ranabahu, N., & Tanima, F. A. (2022). Empowering vulnerable microfinance women through entrepreneurship: opportunities, challenges and the way forward. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2021-0020

Raza, H. (2017). Using a mixed method approach to discuss the intersectionalities of class, education, and gender in natural disasters for rural vulnerable communities in Pakistan. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 12(1), 128–148.

Reilly, E. C. (2021). Rwandan Women in Higher Education: Progress, Successes, and Challenges. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.561508

Rimbawan, I. P. D., & Nurhaeni, A. (2024). Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion Approach to Disaster Management Policy: The Case of the Bali Disaster Response Authority. JISPO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v13i2.28396

Salim, W. (2024). PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI UNTUK PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN: STRATEGI DAN DAMPAKNYA PADA PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI. V, 14–30.

Septanaya, I. D. M. F., & Fortuna, S. (2023). Gender mainstreaming efforts in disaster management plans: Case study West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 87(June 2022), 103576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103576

Sucitra, I. D., Pratiknjo, M. H., & Kawung, E. J. (2024). GOVERNANCE: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Politik Lokal dan Pembangunan. GOVERNANCE: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Politik Lokal Dan Pembangunan, 10(3), 67–68.

Swaiss, A. (2024). Empowering All, Achieving More: A Critical Analysis of World Bank’s Gender Strategy 2.0 for Sustainable Development. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4815410

Tambaip, B., & Tjilen, A. P. (2023). Positive Impact of the Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Service Policy in Handling Cases of Sexual Violence against Children. Musamus Journal of Public Administration, 5(2).

Urbina, D. R. (2020). In the Hands of Women: Conditional Cash Transfers and Household Dynamics. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(5), 1571–1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12684

Walter, P. (2011). Gender analysis in community-based ecotourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 36(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2011.11081316

Winsdel, K., Pieris, D., & Airlangga, U. (2015). Ketahanan dan Krisis Pangan dalam Perspektif Malthus , Depedensi dan Gender ( Women in Development ). Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, VIII(1), 1–13.

Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62870/jap.v16i1.32060

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Administrasi Publik

 
View My Stats
Free Website Statistics
 
Creative Commons License

Jurnal Administrasi Publik (JAP) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Public Administration Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Serang, Banten, Indonesia.

Telp: (0254) 280330 ext. 228, Email: [email protected]